THE NEW APPROACH TO A PROBLEM OF IMPREGNATION
OF STRUCTURES
Prof. R.A.Veselovsky
Prof. N.V.Savitsky
Ing. D.R.Veselovsky   
                                                                                     
1. INTRODUCTION      
	
While in service building designs and facilities, made of concrete, brick, the wood, are subjected to aging, during which reduction their strength, density, deterioration of decorative properties happens. The rehabilitation of structures is made, in main, by their replacement or duplication, the cost of such activities frequently exceeds the cost of construction of new objects.
     Large interest to a problem of recovery of structures is recently marked by them impregnation as by solutions of inorganic salts, and organic monomers and olygomers (1,2).
 Impregnation by monomers and olygomers, which in volume of a structure pass in a polymeric condition, is preferable, as allows to treat practically all types of porous materials, such as concrete, ground, tree, brick and other ceramic materials, asphalt etc. Thus the strength of impregnated  material exceeds strength initial, its ability is increased to deformations without destruction, increases density and hermeticness, Is increased chemical resistance  and defend  from a defeat of insects.  
      Main obstacle to broad use of organic compositions for impregnation is a selective adsorption of separate components of compositions by a surface of pores  of impregnated materials.. Thus division of components of a composition happens, its stoichiometry is upset and hardening of a composition does not happen. So, at impregnation  of concrete by a mixture of an epoxy resin with amine curing agent, the top of concrete appear impregnated only by an epoxy resin, and is deeper a located part - only hardening agent.
       To prevent selective separation of components of a composition, it is usual for impregnation use one pot systems, thus them hardening  implements at the expense of interaction monomers  or olygomers  with substances, located in a material to be impregnated. Mainly, with a water. The most frequently use non-saturated compound  or compound,  containing in the structure cyanoacrylic groups. Polymerisation of cyanoacrylates  in volume  of impregnated materials happens under catalytic effect of a water, always located on surfaces of pores of materials. Polyisocyanates chemically interaction  with a water, being transformed in polyureas, and polymerization of acrylates if necessary obtainings of high-performance materials call by ionizing irradiation.    
    The applying of one pot  organic systems for impregnation  of structures is connected to significant difficulties. So, the cost cyanoacrylic monomers is very high, they can be used for impregnation only of completely dry designs, speed them polymerization is very high, in this connection cannot deeply penetrate into a material. The use of radiation for polymerization of acrylates is ecologically dangerous, dearly and technologically difficult.. At hardening of polyisocianates at the expense of their interaction with a water, carbon dioxide is selected which, leaving on a surface, will derivate in a structure solid pores  and, besides pressure, created by gas, hinders with steep impregnation of a structure.

    NCO-R-NCO + HOH = -NH-CO-NH- + CO2   

     The problem posed by us consist of creation of organic materials and process engineerings for impregnation of porous structures, including saturated by a water, which would have high penetrating ability, harden  in volume of a structure with required speed, providing substantial growth of its strength, hermeticness  and chemical resistance.. This problem was by us solved by two paths:
     1. Change of surface energy  of impregnating materials with the purpose of maintenance of selective wetting of a surface of pores  by a polymeric composition in environment of a water;
     2. Use for impregnating  of materials one pot t compositions, which contain in the structure functional groups and crown-ethers. These crown-ethers will derivate complexes with atoms of metals, located on surfaces  of impregnated materials. The complexes have catalytic activity and can call polymerization of a composition.

2.SOME PHYSICAL CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF PROCESS OF IMPREGNATING OF POROUS MATERIALS.

    Is available two major factors, rendering direct influence to process  of impregnation of porous materials: thermodynamic and kinetic. If the thermodynamic factor determines conditions of an adsorption of a composition on a surface pores of a material, the kinetic factor influences speed of process of impregnation.  And is determined, first of all, size por in a material, viscosity of a composition and conditions of wetting by a composition of a surface of pores .  
      If pores  in a material very small-sized, the process of impregnation  is determined in main by adsorption interaction of a composition and material, at large pores  their mechanical filling the composition happens. 
      The adsorption interaction largely determines a course of such processes, as formation  of adsorption links  between the surface  of a material and composition, selective adsorption of components of a composition by a surface of pores of a material and replacement by a composition of a water from pores  of a impregnated material. We shall consider these processes more in detail, as they largely determine properties нного of a impregnating material.

2.1 Adhesion of a composition  to a impregnated material.

The level of an adhesion of a composition to a material largely determines a degree of strengthening of a material after it impregnation. The elemination makes two cases, when the porous material for reduction a capability of a selective adsorption of components of a composition is previously impregnated by a solution of surfactants  thus its surface tension is reduced and when it is necessary to conduct impregnation of a humid material. Both these cases we shall consider below.

2.2 Selective adsorption of components of a composition
 
      Such substances, as concrete, have high sorption activity, that results in separation of components of a composition in process of impregnating and, therefore,  equimolecularity  of a system is upset.
        We investigated processes of a selective adsorption on concrete of components of an epoxy composition, consisting of an epoxy resin and amine hardener, Polyurethane composition, consisting from polyisocianates  and polyols, Polyester composition, consisting of a non-saturated polyester  and initiator of hardening, The polyester resin represented  a styrene solution of a polydietheleneglycol maleate phtalic At. кesearch usual chromatograpic techniques were used. Was shown, that during a penetration through a layer of concrete the epoxy composition is divided into an epoxy resin (high layer) and hardener (low layer), polyurethane composition on polyisocianate and polyol, and polyester on a polyether - initiator - styrene. The sorption capacity of concrete strongly varies depending on a type of concrete and way of its preparation.  
       At impregnation  of porous concrete or designs, concrete in which is strongly damaged and are available numerous pores, the adsorption separation of components is observed in a smaller degree.                                       For research of capabilities of elimination selective adsorption of components at impregnating of materials, we investigated properties of boundary layers of polymers on a surface of glass and granite, which were selected as model materials. As researched parameter a glass transition temperature  Tg which was selected good  characterizes a condition of polymer. The glass transition  temperature  in boundary layers determined by a method conversion gas chcromatography  on an inflection of curve relation of a log of  a keeping volume from reversed temperature.   As it is visible on fig. 1, the glass transition temperature  of polymer  by decreasing of its thickness on the boundary with glass and granite decreases, that indicates on incomplete hardening of polymer in connection with violation of a equimolecularity of acomposition. Boundary layer of a composition by a thickness up to 0,03. 10-6 м does not passes in a polymeric condition and on properties does not differ from properties of an initial epoxy resin. The obtained data are confirmed by research of infrared spectra of boundary layers of polymers (4).
    An adsorption separation of components of a composition does not happen at a decrease of surface tension of materials. As can be seen  on fig. 1, the processing of a surface of a granite by a solution surfactant eliminates a selective adsorption of components of a composition. Earlier the similar regularities were observed by us at research of iron and basalt (5,6), and surfactant were widely used at modifying of glues and coatings (7-9). Thus, the preliminary impregnation of a material by a solution surfactant  should eliminate separation of components of a composition,  that an invariance of properties will ensure of a inpregnating material on all depth of impregnation.

 Fig. 1 - Dependence of glass transition temperature  (Tg) on a thickness of a layer of epoxy polymer, marked on a surface of a granite, hydrophobicized by surfactant (1), glass (2), granite (3).
 
Experiments spent by us have shown, that for preliminary impregnation of concrete the most effective are the substances, containing in the structure ester groups. As was shown A. Adamson (11), ester group on alkaline surfaces are subjected hydrolysis, thus the products of the hydrolysis chemically interact with a surface. It reduces  free energy of a surface, and at the same time eliminates a capability of a desorption surfactants at impregnting of a material. 
  For experiment a cromatographic column of diameter 1 сm was used, completed concrete, prepared from a humid mixture of sand and cement in the ratio 3:1. The porosity of concrete made 10 %, strength at compression - 18 МPа. The concrete was impregnated by a composition, consisting of an epoxy resin and amine hardener. After a resin was hardened, concrete column was cut on samples of length 1 sm.  In the other experience the concrete was previously impregnated by a solution surfactant on a base of polyether. Outcomes of tests is exemplar are adduced in Table 1. 
As can be seen from Table 1, the preprocessing of concrete by a solution surfactant results in substantial growth of strength of concrete after it impregnating.

__________________________

Table 1 - Effect of impregnating  on strength of concrete

_____________________________________________
 
 №  Distance of a   Impregnating   Strength of
       sample from   concrete          concrete 
       top of a           by a                  under
       column,          surfactant        compression
     Cm                                            MPa
_____________________________________________
  1           1              no                    86
  2           2              no                    32
 3            3              no                    23
  4           4              no                    20
  5           6              no                    20
  6          10             no                    21
  7            1          yes                 113 
 8            2             yes                   107 
 9            6             yes                   95
 10         10            yes                   91
_____________________________________________
.                     

2.3 Impregnating saturated by a water materials

Is available, at least, two problems, which hamper process impregnating of humid materials. In first, the water mechanically hinders with a penetration of an organic composition in volume of a material. In second, the water hinders with wetting by a composition of a surface pores of a material. If between the harded composition and a surfase of a rigid body will be a film of a water,  the strengthening effect of the impregnation will be minimum.
The analysis of theoretical representations (10) shows, that for maintenance of wetting of a surface water suturated pores by a composition it is necessary first of all to be aimed to Value of a interfase  tension a composition - the rigid body was less of a interfase tension a water - rigid body. The preliminary impregnation of a material by a solution of a surfactans results in increase of a interfase tension a water - a rigid body and to reduction a tension on the boundary a composition - rigid body, that improves wetting a rigid body by an organic composition. At a bonding  materials under a water, surfactant  is possible to introduce immediately into a composition. The introduction in a composition based on  a methyl metacrylate is total 1 % phenolic oxyether or  spirit СF3 (CF2 ) CH2 O Н results in a drop of edge angle of wetting of a granite surfase by compositoin from 64 to 30-34о.
The maintenance of selective wetting of a surface of pores by a composition in environment of a water is not enough, that the composition could supersede a water from pores and to take its place. For replacement of a water is necessary supply of mechanical work on the interfase boundary . The equation for determination of specific mechanical work, necessary for full replacement of a water on a surface of a rigid body on a composition, looks like (10)
  A = c,w (1 + cos ) + c,w ( 
Here (c,w - an interface  tension a composition - water, ( - edge angle of wetting, S1 , S2 , S3  - interface a rigid body - composition, rigid body - water and composition - water. From the adduced formula it is visible, that spontaneous (without sypply on the boundary of division of work) the wetting by a composition of a surface of a rigid body in environment of a water is possible at equality of surface tensions of a glue and a water, I.e. at c,w = 0. Maximum increase c,w, is desirable, however, so it to directly proportional thermodynamic work of an adhesion. Thus, maintenance of excellence impregnation of porous materials by organic compositions without supply on the boundary of division  a composition - the rigid body work is impossible, Even at maintenance of thermodynamic conditions of selective wetting by a composition of a pores surface  of a material. Practically supply of mechanical work it is possible to execute submitting a composition in volume of a material under pressure or to conduct process of impregnating  with use of a ultra sound.
   The water can render direct influence to process of curig of compositions. So, at impregnating of humid concrete by a composition based on  a methyl metacrylate, speed it curing in 1,2 - 1,5 time is higher, than curing speed at impregnated  of dry concrete, And the molecular mass will increase almost twice - with 3,68106 to 7,13106. It is explained by that the few of a water in a methyl metacrylate increases probability of curtailing growing macrochains, that promotes decreasing of speed of their breakaway. The water can inhibite the process of curing of non-saturated polyester resins and sharply increases speed of hurdening of cianoacrylates, It chemically reacts with some groups, which can include in a structure compositions, for example, with isocyanate groups. 

3. PATHS OF CREATION OF ONE POT ORGANIC COMPOSITIONS FOR IMPREGNATION OF POROUS MATERIALS.

Curing one pot compositions  in volume of a material happens under an operation of the physical or chemical factors. To number of the physical factors, first of all, heating or penetrating radiation concerns. In the present message we shall consider a capability of curing of compositions under an operation of substances, located on surfaces of pores  of a impregnating material. At impregnation of concrete to number of such substances water, alkalis and cations of metals, mainly, alkali-earth and alkaline concern. . The water cures compositions, containing isocyanate groups, thus is selected carbon dioxide, calling formation polymeric foam. Such compositions are sometimes used in quality, so-called, quickly blocking compositions. . Alkalis, under certain conditions, can call polymerization  of compositions, containing in the structure epoxy groups. The greatest interest represents a capability of curing of compositions under an operation of connections of metals. Really, metals can call polymerization of connections, containing non-saturated double bonds, including isocyanate and epoxy groups. However, the salts, contained in concrete have a low degree of a dissociation and are active a little as catalysts. We investigated a capability of creation of catalytic complexes on the basis of these metals and crown ethers, which introduced into  chain of olygomers. It is known, that such complexes are high effective interface catalysts, including reaction of polymerization. Catalytic specification of complexes provided with selection crown  ether, which organized a complex with required atom of metal. 
As an example we shall consider a reaction trimerization of isocyanetes.. This response at the presence of salts alkaline and alщелочеземельных of metals was explicitly considered by us earlier (8). At a contact crown ether with a concrete surface it will derivate a crown complex with a cation of calcium of a calcium hydrate oxyde. Thus a friable ionic pair constitutes and liberated anion catalytic is an agent of the process of trymerization - formation isocyanurate  groups. 

3 O=C=N - R = (O=C=N-R)3

These isocianurate groups are units of a polymer network formation, in an outcome  of trimerization of the isocyanate groups olygomer based on polyisocianate    is transformed in strong chemically resistant  polymer. The reaction of formation of isocianurates  under influence crown  complexes can happen so actively, that interactions of isocianate groups with a water is not practically observed, i.e. is not observed and process of allocation of carbon dioxide at impregnating  of concrete structures. 
The purposes of impregnation of structures can be various, beginning from increase of lift capability and finishing strengthening of surface layers and increase them chemical resistance. In this connection the properties of organic compositions for impregnation should have a capability of regulation. For example, for steep impregnation of dense concrete structures the composition should have low viscosity, good moistening ability and very low speed of polymerization , if necessary protection against corrosion of reinforce elements of ferro concrete,  it should possess   properties of inhibitor. At the same time " quickly blocking "  compositions should have curing time, equal to tens of seconds or minutes. The creation of one pot compositions with controlled properties has become possible at introduction in their structure crown ethers, ensuring obtaining of complexes with various catalytic activity.
Main obstacle to broad use crown ethers at creation of compositions, is their rather high cost. One of paths of a drop of the cost is the replacement conventional crown of ethers on openly chained " pseudo crown ethers". Besides application  of crown ethers allows to use for impregnation very cheap monomers, which can be scraps of chemical manufactures. 

4. INFLUENCE OF IMPREGNATION  ON PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Impregnation of wooden designs is carried out with the purpose of their protection against the various factors of external environment, such, as, a water, aggressive chemical substances, ultra-violet irradiation and so on. Impregnation.  allows to reduce combustibility  of wood, to increase its strength, to protect from rotting and defeat from insects  to give beautiful decorative properties. After impregnation  the wood of soft rocks, for example, lime, aspen, assimilates to wood of tropical rigid rocks and can be used in essence new areas of application, for example, as detailses of machines, working in aggressive conditions. Wood-chip and wood-fibre boards s after impregnation can be applied in humid conditions or to use them as a constructional material.  
 Impregnation of the wood is possible to execute by deposition of a polymeric composition on a surface of wood with the help of paintbrushes, spraing or immersing of a wooden product in a composition. The degree of impregnation depends on a type of wood, its quality, time of a contact of wood with a composition and speed of curing of a composition.
Below change of some properties of concrete at it impregnating  is considered. For impregnating used dry, humid or water saturated concrete of a brand 400. Impregnation was conducted without preliminary impregnation of concrete by solutions of surfactats. Used  a composition with isocianates groups (version 1), composition, containing glycidic  groups (version 2), acrylic composition (version 3). Impregnation conducted by immersing concrete in a composition during 6 o'clock. All tests of concrete  conducted on standard techniques in seven days after impregnating. 
1. Watersaturation.
The samples before impregnation  were dried up up to a constant  weight. Tests have shown, that watersaturation of impregnated samples is  equal to zero, monitoring samples had that 4,5 - 4,7%.
2. Radiation resistance.
Radiation resistance checked up by exhibiting of impregnated samples by - radiation from a source Со-60. Tests have shown, that the most resistant compositions are version 1 and version 2. At a doze 120 МRad change of properties of  impregnated samples was not marked.
3. Chemical resistance.
Chemical resistance determined  by immersing of impregnated samples in various chemicals.   In   6 and 12 months after exhibiting  in various environments, them took out, dried up and conducted tests for compression. Tests have shown, that impregnated samples are steady against an operation of solutions of salts, acids, alkalis and not steady to an operation concentrated nitrogen, chamois and salt acids. The most chemical resistance  an acrylic composition is. 
4.Permeability for chlorine  ions.
From various chemicals concrete the most frequently contacts with сhlorine containing  salts, especially there, where the clearing of streets of snow is made  by the help of salts, it results in intensive destruction of concrete elements of roads and underground communications.
Impregnated concrete samples simultaneously with monitoring samples immersed in 10 % a solution NaCl for 5 days. Made impregnation  dry, humid and watersaturated samples, the depth impregnating made 3 mm.  On the ending of tests samples split and on a surface  put a solution AgNO3. Presence of chloride  determined visually on occurrence of a white deposit.
Outcomes of tests have shown, that in concrete, impregnated by all three versions of compositions clorides were not detected, at monitoring samples chlorides  were present on depth 2-3 mm. 
5. Resistance to a frost
Frost resistanse  determined by an accelerated method by freezing concrete samples in 5 % a solution NaCl at temperature -50оС  and heating in the same solution. Tests have shown, that impregnated samples after 20 cycles of freezing and heating have not shown any changes and had a brand on frost resistance more, than  F 200. The monitoring samples had loss of strength, thus on a surface of samples  was observed shelling  and destruction of edges.
6. Resistance to occurrence of outside cracks at with alternating signs loads.
Impregnating concreate samples on depth only 2 mm  has resulted total in increase of resistance to occurrence of outside cracks in 3 - 8 times, best results have shown samples, impregnated  by isocyanate compositions.
7. Adhesion of protective coatings on concrete.
For determination of possibility of using of polymeric compositions as protective coatings, investigated an adhesion of all versions of compositions to dry, humid and water saturated  concrete, and also change of an adhesion after freezing and heating. For researches heavy concrete of a class V 30 was used. 
As coating the same composition was used which applied for impregnation, as filler of a composition was used a mixture of cement with grinded sand.  For obtaining of a design of decorative properties in filler   additionally was introduced pigment. 
If necessary, coating of other types can be used, for example, highly elastic, chemical resistant  and so on.
            
Table 2 - Adhesion of protective coatings on concrete.
    
Version of a composition, condition of concrete, quantity of cycles 

№ Version    of  composition	Condition of concreate	            Adhesion, MPa	
		      Quantity of cycles  	
		0	10	15	20	
1	1 dry                    	3,3	3,0	2,7	2,4	
2	2 dry                    	3,1    	2,9    	2,8    	2,7	
3	3 dry                    	2,9    	2,6    	2,4	2,4	
4	1 humid               	3,1    	2,8    	2,6    	2,5     	
5	1 water                   
satureted  	3,1    	2,7	2,6    	2,5     	

As can be seen from a table, the adhesion of coatings to concrete few depends on humidity of concrete both number of cycles of freezing and heating and considerably exceeds the requirements of the normative documents. 
In a table 3 the data on influence of impregnation  on properties of concrete are adduced. For impregnating  used a composition №3.
Table 3 - Influence impregnation  on properties of concrete Initial concrete

Property	Initial     Concrete                                          	Concrete after  impregnation	
Strength, MPa:
   At compression                               
   at stretching   
   under bending                                  	
40	
160	
	2,5             	16	
	5	22	
Module of  elasticity  
at compression, MPa            	3104         	4104	
Marginal deformation
at compression                    	0,001        	0,002	
Strength of coupling with
the reinforcement, МPa          	1	13	
Dynamic strength at
stretching (103 МPas)            	6	27	
Deformation of contraction    	50.10-5     	4.10-5	
Deformation of a creep          	50.10-5     	7.10-5	
Electrical  resistance, оm                         	105	1014	
Water saturating, %                   	4	0,2	
Frost resistance, cycles             	200	800	
Resistance to acids                   	low	high	

5.EXAMPLES OF REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES.

5.1 Recovery methane tank
Methane tank  represents the concrete tank container of diameter about 10 m with a metal cover, in which  methane formation happens  from a mixture household and industrial  water drain. Random hit of an air in methane has resulted in its explosion, in an outcome of which in the concrete tank numerous cracks were derivated, and between walls and the cover of tank  derivated a backlash. For hermetic sealing of the tank the humid concrete was impregnated by an acrylic  composition, then all slots and the cracks were sealed by a high elasticity composition on version  №1, in which for increase of viscosity have entered 50 % of rubber dust. In 3 days after closing -up methane tank  was entered into maintenance.

5.2 Repair of station of water preparative.
The station of water preparative  represents a number of buildings, where in numerous tanks clearing of a river water happens. The common internal surface of tanks being a subject to repair made 1200m2. The permissible losses of a water make 0,025 litres on a square meter of a surface of the tank in days. After filling of tanks a water of loss of a water were in 100 times more the standards. For decreasing losses of a water the internal surfaces of tanks were covered by a layer of concrete, and then are pasted over by a fiberglass, impregnated by an epoxy resin, however these measures have not resulted in a desirable outcome.
     On version offered us of a wall of tanks were impregnated by a composition on version №2, then on internal walls a high elasticity composition on version №1 by a layer of 0,2 mm was put. In corners of tanks the composition was reinforced by a synthetic fabric..

5.3 Impregnation of a concrete  water drain  collector.
Impregnation  of a collector was conducted for its protection against gas corrosion. At fulfilment of activities of a pipe of diameter 1 m placed horizontally, the end faces of pipes were closed by stubs, in a pipe was poured in
computational quantity of a composition on version №1 and the pipe slowly rotated up to a full absorption of a composition. Inspection, spent in two years after a beginning of maintenance of a collector has shown, that impregnation  of concrete has completely prevented its destruction owing to gas corrosion.

5.4 Recovery of the water port 
The water port represents gates of altitude 12 m and width 30 m, through which in dry dock enter of court. At deleting from dock of a water they should ensure its water-tightness.
Water port represents a thin-walled concrete design, to which fasten beech beams and rubber condensation. During maintenance of the water port  through concrete and beams, which fail under influence of a water and marine organisms in dock begins to go a water.
At recovery water port  concrete and wooden designs there were impregnated  by a composition on a structure №2, the concrete designs on depth of 3 mm, wooden - 15 mm. Impregnation made by repeated deposition of compositions on a surface of designs with  paintbrushes and  cylinders. After the ending of impregnation all viaholes and the bowls in designs were fixed by this of compositions, in quality filler used a mixture of cement with saw  dust. After curing of a composition, on a surface of designs by cylinders put a layer of an elastic composition №1 thicknesses 0,5мм. The three-year term of maintenance of a water port has shown absence of indications of destruction of its designs.    

5.5 Rehabilitation of  a water pipe
The water pipe represents a reinforced concrete pipe of diameter 3m, general length 21km, on which at pressure 0,6 МПа a river water moves. In connection with bad quality of concrete, water went through a wall of a water pipe and desroyed its base, that results in appearance of backlashes between separate parts of a pipe. The size of slots reaches 8см.
     At recovery of the pipe the concrete was impregnated by a composition №2, and in a place of joints of pipes of a pipe an elastic material, representing  a composition №1, reinforced by a synthetic fabric was applyed.  The material was made  as bayan, that has allowed to save water-tightness of the pipe at change of the size of a slot between separate lips.  

5.6 Rehabilitation of water cooler
Water cooler represents a design from concrete and metal. While in service in a concrete design there were the numerous cracks and destroynesses, and metal sheets in many places had open rusty holls.
     At fulfilment of activities on recovery the water cooler  the concrete was impregnated by a composition №1, and the corrosion on metal sheets was impregnated by a composition №2, and on rusty holls a fiberglass, impregnated by a composition №1 was put.
After closing -up on impregnation, on all designs a decorative layer of a composition№3 was put.

5.7 Recovery of smorestacks of power stations
At rehabilitation of  concrete and brick smorestacks a top of ones, which had numerous cracks and destructions, impregnated  on all depth by a composition №1. At impregnation  the composition was multiply put on a surface of a smorestacks  with paintbrushes.

5.1 Construction and recovery of tunnels
At construction  of a Severomujsky tunnel of a Bajkal Amur Railway  presence in a granite  ground a great many of cracks was detected, to overcome which builders of a tunnel be unable to. These cracks represent breaks of crust, mean width of a crack makes 20 - 30 m. These cracks are filled  by a dirt, rocks and water with pressure about 5 МPа. 
      For strengthening a rock of a zone of breaks, it was impregnated by a composition №1 with the help of special injectors, pressure of injecting was 10 -12 Mpa. Injecting was implemented at once on whole width of a crack. Use of a composition has allowed to ensure water-tightness of a rock and to increase its strength up to 5 - 20 МPа, that it is enough for construction of a tunnel. It is total for injecting more than 200 tons of a composition was used.    
      The same composition was used at construction of a Kodarsky tunnel the same railway. This tunnel was builded through water saturated rock, which were in condition of ever-frost.   After temperature in a tunnel has mounted and deep frosen soil begin to melt, concrete  of a tunnel walls has become to cast down, as at low temperature the concrete could not receive the necessary strength. Impregnation of concrete wastly elevate its strength and has stopped process of destruction.

5.9 Renovation stadiums
At renovation of a number of stadiums in Russia there was the necessity of repair, hermetic sealing and making of a decorative kind to concrete designs of tribunes (comb). The conventional methods provided deleting hit concrete from a surface of tribunes by sandblasts, aligning of its  surface with a high filled epoxy composition and deposition of a polyurethane facing layer. Offered method provided impregnation of a surface layer of concrete by a composition №1 and deposition of a thin facing layer from an elastic composition №1, in which previously was entered pigment. 
     The cost of activities on an offered method has made 20 % from the cost of activities by a conventional method. 

5.10 Recovery of designs and equipment of industrial firms
The activity of many industrial firms is connected to use of high aggressive fluids and gases. The compositions were used for impregnating of concrete columns, beams, overlaps with the purpose of increase of their lift capability, for giving them  a decorative kind, for protection against an operation of aggressive fluids and hermetic sealing. Frequently the floors on industrial firms are spread acid steady bar, but the aggressive fluids, penetrating in seams between bars, call destruction of floors. The impregnation of seams by a composition №1 allows to eliminate a capability of their destruction. The layer of corrosion on metal parts of buildings or equipment was impregnated by inhibiting  compositions, after hardening  of compositions on it put decorative coating.   
       
5.11 Recovery dams and power stations.
Main kinds of activities at recovery dams and power stations is connected to their strengthening and hermetic sealing. By injection of compositions dams, sluices, chambers and other facilities are easily sealed.  We shall put a few examples.
    In upper beach of a dam, located in Middle Asia, crack of width from 0,1 up to 2 cm was derivated. The water going at a crack represented danger to stability of the dam. For repair of the dam the crack was filled by a rapid-setting composition №2, filled with a mixture   of cement and sand, and then a steel plate was bonded on a top of a crack.
      In a body  of a dam  a leak in a place of a joint of  old and fresh layed down concrete was derivated. For hermetic sealing of a slot in it through each meter were drilled holls, through which in a slot a composition №1 under pressure 10 МPа was forced. Before injecting  the slot was hermetically sealed for preventing overflow a composition from it.

5.12 Hermetic sealing asphalt coating
Hermetic sealing  of asphalt coating of factory territory conducted with the purpose of preventing hit in a ground of toxic drains. For hermetic sealing used an elastic composition №1, which poured on a surface of asphalt and slowly moved on it with the help of of special devices.

5.13 Hermetic sealing and strengthening of underground facilities
At maintenance of poorly aired automobile tunnels concrete tubing fails under effect of carbon dioxide. The impregnation of concrete is total on depth 2 -3 mm strengths   its surface layer and protects internal layers from destruction.
One of main problems at maintenance of underground garages, warehouses, cellars, tunnels the underground etc. is wetting of their walls. For preventing wettig frequently it is rather enough simple to make concrete or brick wall hydrophobiated with the help of a solution of surfactant, in more difficult cases after hydrophobiating carry out impregnation by a composition and, at last, after impregnation on a surface of a wall it is possible to plot a layer of a filled composition of which is simultaneously a decorative layer.
At origin of leaks in underground facilities they are liquidated by an injection of rapid-setting compositions in orifices, from which water flows. Sometimes on execution time of activities drainage orifices are done which after fulfilment of activities are sealed. These compositions at hardening are increased in volume or at the expense of allocation of carbon dioxidal or at the expense of introduction with a structure of a composition of components, swelling  at a contact to a water. Unique in this plan the activity was spent at construction  of a Severomujsky tunnel of Bajkal Amur Railway, when at sinking  the builders have opened water saturated layer and in a tunnel has become to go a water under pressure 40 atmospheres  In quantity of a hundred of tons hour. For liquidation of emergency in a channel of a flow become to force a composition, which had time of curing a few seconds. Through a few minutes the flow was stopped.    

5.14 Fulfilment of restoration activities
The polymeric compositions are widely used at fulfilment of such restoration activities, as strenghtening of plaster and brick walls, plaster products, wooden products, ceramics and so on.  Among interesting activities it is possible to mark recovery of fragments of wooden products, located in humid ground more 1000 years. The products were such fragile, that at drying failed, therefore they were at first impregnated by solutions of salts, and then are hardened by impregnation by polymeric compositions. 

5.15 Recovery of marine facilities.
At fulfilment of activities on recovery of concrete piles, piers and other designs and facilities under a water, they are doubled by a composition №3, reinforced glass, metal or synthetic fabric. The thickness of a back-up layer varies depending on a required degree of strengthening of a design. In case the concrete is strongly desroyed, for duplication is made injecting  of a composition in volume of a design. In the event that the concrete is few damaged, implements impregnation under a water of a surface layer of concrete by a composition  №2.

5.16 Repair of facilities, revetted ceramic bars.
Facing of buildings and facilities by bars carry out for  a decorative kind or their protection against an operation of the aggressive factors. The destruction of such facilities happens owing to a penetration of a water and other fluids in a backlash between bars. Freezing of a water under a bar  results in its destruction. The impregnation of concrete in backlashes between bars  seals them, eliminates wetting  and increases ability to deformation of concreate.

5.17 Impregnation of frontages  of buildings.
The main reason of fast destruction of frontage  paints is wetting  of a material of the basis, on which the paints are put. If before colouring a frontage of a building to impregnate on depth it is total 0,5 - 1 mm, the service life of a frontage  paint will be increased in tens of time. For colouring of frontages  it is possible to use impregnating composition, which put on frontage after hardening   a penetraded  layer. 

6. REFERENCES

(1) Баженов Ю.М., Бетонополимеры (Москва, Стройиздат, 1983)
(2) Tazawa E, Kobayachi S, 'Properties and Applications of Polymer impregnated Cementitions Materials' , Polymers in Concreate, Publ.SP-30, Amer.Concr.Institute, Detroit, 1973.
(3) Engineering design for Plastics, edited by Eric Baer (Reinhold publishing Corporation, New York, 1960).
(4) Веселовский Р.А., Сб. Физико-химия многокомпонентных полимерных систем, том 1 (Киев, Наукова Думка, 1986), pp.375.
(5) Veselovsky R., Veselovsky D., Kestelman V., 
'Effect of Basalt Surfase on the Properties of Boundary Layers of Network Polymers', Intern.  ( J. Polymeric Materials 23 (1994) 117-138.
(6)Lipatov Ju.С., Filipovitch A.Ju, Veselovsky R.A., .,'Influence of a rigid surface on process of formation of an epoxy adhesive', Dokl. Academ. Nauk  USSR 275(1) (1984) 118-121.
(7) Manets I.G, Veselovsky R.A., Polymeric composite materials in mountain business (Nedra, Moscow, 1988),pp. 235 
(8) Veselovsky R.A., Adhesion strength of Polymers Control, (Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1988) pp.176.
(9) Veselovsky R.A., Efanova V.V.,'Investigation of Physical, Chemical, Thermodynamical and Mechanical Properties of Boundary Layers of Network Polymers on a  Basalt Surface', Mech. of Compos. Mater. 30 (1) (1994) 3-11.
(10) Veselovsky R.A., Kestelman V.N., Adhesion of Polymers (McGraw Hill, New York, 2003) pp.500.
(11) Adamson A.W., Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, third edition (John Willey and Sons, New York), p.134.